PID control system analysis and design

With its three-term functionality offering treatment of both transient and steady-state responses, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control provides a generic and efficient solution to realworld control problems. The wide application of PID control has stimulated and sustained research and development to "get the best out of PID", and "the search is on to find the next key technology or methodology for PID tuning". This article presents remedies for problems involving the integral and derivative terms. PID design objectives, methods, and future directions are discussed. Subsequently, a computerized, simulation-based approach is presented, together with illustrative design results for first-order, higher order, and nonlinear plants. Finally, we discuss differences between academic research and industrial practice, so as to motivate new research directions in PID control

PID control system analysis, design, and technology

Designing and tuning a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller appears to be conceptually intuitive, but can be hard in practice, if multiple (and often conflicting) objectives such as short transient and high stability are to be achieved. Usually, initial designs obtained by all means need to be adjusted repeatedly through computer simulations until the closed-loop system performs or compromises as desired. This stimulates the development of "intelligent" tools that can assist engineers to achieve the best overall PID control for the entire operating envelope. This development has further led to the incorporation of some advanced tuning algorithms into PID hardware modules. Corresponding to these developments, this paper presents a modern overview of functionalities and tuning methods in patents, software packages and commercial hardware modules. It is seen that many PID variants have been developed in order to improve transient performance, but standardising and modularising PID control are desired, although challenging. The inclusion of system identification and "intelligent" techniques in software based PID systems helps automate the entire design and tuning process to a useful degree. This should also assist future development of "plug-and-play" PID controllers that are widely applicable and can be set up easily and operate optimally for enhanced productivity, improved quality and reduced maintenance requirements

Patents, software and hardware for PID control: an overview and analysis of the current art

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control provides simplicity, clear functionality, and ease of use. Since the invention of PID control in 1910 (largely owing to Elmer Sperry’s ship autopilot) and the straightforward Ziegler-Nichol (Z-N) tuning rule in 1942, the popularity of PID has grown tremendously. Today, PID is used in more than 90% of practical control systems, ranging from consumer electronics to industrial processes. The wide application of PID has stimulated and sustained the development and patenting of various tuning and associated system identification techniques. For example, sophisticated software packages and ready-made hardware modules are developed to facilitate on-demand tuning and to "get the best out of PID". However, to achieve optimal transient performance, tuning methods vary, and there exists no standardization of PID structures at present. This article provides an overview and analysis of PID patents, commercial software packages, and hardware modules. We also highlight differences between academic research and industrial practice, so as to motivate new research directions in PID technology

Evolutionary CAutoCSD and its applications

Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University47219-40MEKM